流觞亭“诸子百家”之名·墨·阴阳

名家，是先秦时期诸子百家之一， 以思维的形式、规律和名实关系为研究对象的哲学派别，所以称"名家"，也称“辩者”、“察士”。

名家以擅长论辩著称, 《汉书·艺文志》载：名家者流，盖出于礼官。古者名位不同，礼亦异数。孔子曰："必也正名乎！名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。"此其所长也。及譥者为之，则苟钩鈲鋠析乱而已。他们在论辩中比较注重分析名词与概念的同异，重视名与实的关系，开创了中国的逻辑思想探究。

名家作为一个学派，并非有着共同的政治思想或经济主张，而仅仅在于他们都以“名”作为研究对象,并以此与其他学派相区别。在名家内部，由于观点不同又形成若干派别，其中主要有“合同异”派和“离坚白”派。

The school of logicians is one of the schools of thought in the pre-Qin period, with the form of thinking, law and the relationship between the truth as the study of philosophical factions, so-called "Mingjia", also known as "the debater", "the Cha". 

Known as being good at argumentation, "Hanshu YiWenzhi" contains famous thinkers who are the ones being aware of principles. The ancients had different names, and the ceremony was also different. Confucius said: "Must be just! Justice is the prerequisite of words, and words are the prerequisite of actions. This is also the strength of it. And for the people, then the hook and analysis are just.” In their arguments, they pay more attention to the analysis of the similarities and differences between nouns and concepts, pay attention to the relationship between nothingness and reality, and create the exploration of Chinese logic thought. 

The school of logicians do not share common political ideas or economic ideas, but simply because they all take "Ming" as the object of study, which distinguishes it from the other schools. Due to different views, the school of logicians formed a number of factions, mainly the "Hetongyi" faction and "Lijianbai" faction.

墨家是中国东周时期的哲学派别，约产生于战国时期。创始人为墨翟（墨子），被古代大家认为是道家的分支，深受道家影响。

墨家是一个纪律严密的学术团体，其首领称“巨子”，其成员到各国为官必须推行墨家主张，所得俸禄亦须向团体奉献。墨家学派有前后期之分：前期思想主要涉及社会政治、伦理及认识论问题，关注现世战乱；后期墨家在逻辑学方面有重要贡献，开始向科学研究领域靠拢。

因为墨家思想独有的政治属性，兼之西汉汉武帝“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的政策，墨家不断遭到打压，并逐渐失去了存身的现实基础，墨家思想在中国逐渐灭绝；直到清末民初，学者们才从故纸堆中重新挖出墨家，并发现其进步性。近年来经过一些新墨者的努力，墨家学说中的一些有益观点开始进入人们的视野。

The Mohism is a well-disciplined academic group whose leaders refer to the "giant", and its members who go to various countries as officials must carry out the Mohism's proposition, and the income must also be dedicated to the group. The Mohism thoughts changed with time: the early thought mainly involves the social politics, ethics, and epistemology, pays attention to the current war, and the late Mohism family has made important contributions in logic and began to move closer to the field of scientific research.

Because of the unique political attributes of Mohism, and the Western Han Dynasty’s official collusion policy of ”considering the Confucianism over the others", the Mohism has been constantly suppressed, and gradually lost the reality of the foundation of survival, the Mohism thought in China gradually extinct; In recent years, with the efforts of some new ink people, some useful ideas in the theory of the Mohism began to enter people's view.

阴阳家是盛行于战国末期到汉初的一种哲学流派，齐国人邹衍是其创始人。阴阳家的学问被称为“阴阳说”，其核心内容是“阴阳五行”，阴阳学说是中华民族最重要的哲学思维之一。司马迁在《史记》中称阴阳家的学问“深观阴阳消息，而作迂怪之变。”《吕氏春秋》、《淮南子》、《春秋繁露》则直接受到邹衍学说的影响。值得注意的是《周易》没有提出阴阳与太极等概念，讲阴阳与太极的是被道家与阴阳家所影响的《易传》。

阴阳家思想将自古以来的数术思想与阴阳五行学说相结合，并进一步发展，建构了规模宏大的宇宙图式，尝试解说自然现象的成因及其变化法则。

The Yin-Yang school is prevalent at the end of the Warring States to the beginning of a philosophy of a school. Zou Yan is the founder of the Yin-Yang school, and five elements' knowledge is called "Yin and Yang theory", whose core content is "five elements of Yin-Yang ", Yin and Yang's theory is one of the most important philosophical thinking of the Chinese nation. Sima Qian said in the book "History": the Yin-Yang school's learning "deeply watch the change of Yin and Yang, do unpredictable adjusting." "Lv's Spring and Autumn," "Huainanzi" and "Spring and Autumn" are directly influenced by the theory of Zou Yan. It should be noticed that "Zhou Yi" did not put forward the concept of Yin-Yang and Tai Chi, Yin-Yang and Tai Chi are mentioned in "Yizhuan".

Yin and Yang's thought combines the thought of number ingress from ancient times with Yin-Yang and five elements, and is further developed, constructing a large-scale cosmic schema, and tries to explain the causes of natural phenomena and their laws of change.

浙江大学国际校区

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